Carbon steel izingxenye
I-Carbon steel iyinsimbi enokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni kusuka cishe ku-0.05 kuya kumaphesenti angu-3.8 ngesisindo.Incazelo ye-carbon steel evela e-American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) ithi:
1. akukho okuqukethwe okuncane okucacisiwe noma okudingekayo ku-chromium, i-cobalt, i-molybdenum, i-nickel, i-niobium, i-titanium, i-tungsten, i-vanadium, i-zirconium, nanoma iyiphi enye i-elementi okufanele yengezwe ukuze kutholwe umthelela wengxubevange oyifunayo;
2. ubuncane obubekiwe bethusi abudluli kumaphesenti angu-0.40;
3. noma umkhawulo wokuqukethwe oshiwo kunoma yiziphi izici ezilandelayo aweqi amaphesenti aphawuliwe: i-manganese engamaphesenti angu-1.65;i-silicon 0.60 amaphesenti;ithusi ngamaphesenti angu-0.60.
Igama elithi carbon steel lingase lisetshenziswe futhi kubhekiselwa ensimbi okungeyona insimbi engagqwali;kulokhu kusetshenziswa i-carbon steel ingase ihlanganise izinsimbi ze-alloy.Insimbi enekhabhoni ephezulu inokusetshenziswa okuningi okuhlukahlukene njengemishini yokugaya, amathuluzi okusika (njengamashizolo) nezintambo ezinamandla kakhulu.Lezi zinhlelo zokusebenza zidinga i-microstructure enhle kakhulu, ethuthukisa ukuqina.
Njengoba okuqukethwe kwephesenti lekhabhoni kukhuphuka, insimbi inamandla okuba nzima futhi ibe namandla ngokwelashwa kokushisa;Nokho, iba ductile kancane.Ngaphandle kokwelashwa kokushisa, okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ephezulu kunciphisa ukushisela.Kuma-carbon steels, okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ephezulu kwehlisa indawo encibilikayo.
Inhloso yokwelapha ukushisa kwe-carbon steel ukushintsha izakhiwo zensimbi, ngokuvamile i-ductility, ukuqina, amandla esivuno, noma ukumelana nomthelela.Qaphela ukuthi i-conductivity kagesi ne-thermal iguqulwa kancane kuphela.Njengamasu amaningi okuqinisa ensimbi, i-Young's modulus (elasticity) ayithinteki.Zonke izindlela zokwelapha ze-steel trade ductility zokwandisa amandla futhi ngokuphambene nalokho.I-ayoni ine-solubility ephakeme ye-carbon esigabeni se-austenite;ngakho-ke zonke izindlela zokwelapha ukushisa, ngaphandle kwe-spheroidizing kanye nokucubungula i-annealing, kuqala ngokushisisa insimbi ezingeni lokushisa lapho isigaba se-austenitic singaba khona.Insimbi ibe isicisha (ukushisa okukhishiwe) ngesilinganiso esimaphakathi kuya esiphansi esivumela i-carbon ukuthi isakazeke ngaphandle kwe-austenite eyenza i-iron-carbide (cementite) futhi ishiye i-ferrite, noma ngezinga eliphezulu, ibambe ikhabhoni ngaphakathi kwensimbi ngaleyo ndlela yakhe i-martensite. .Izinga insimbi epholiswa ngalo ngezinga lokushisa le-eutectoid (cishe u-727 °C) lithinta izinga lapho ikhabhoni ephuma khona ku-austenite futhi yakhe usimende.Ngokuvamile, ukupholisa ngokushesha kuzoshiya i-iron carbide ihlakazeke kahle futhi ikhiqize i-pearlite ecolile futhi ukupholisa kancane kuzonikeza i-pearlite eqinile.Ukupholisa insimbi ye-hypoeutectoid (ngaphansi kuka-0.77 wt% C) kubangela isakhiwo se-lamellar-pearlitic sezendlalelo ze-iron carbide ezine-α-ferrite (cishe insimbi emsulwa) phakathi.Uma kuyinsimbi ye-hypereutectoid (ngaphezulu kuka-0.77 wt% C) khona-ke isakhiwo sigcwele i-pearlite enezinhlamvu ezincane (ezinkulu kune-pearlite lamella) ye-cementite eyakhiwe emingceleni yokusanhlamvu.Insimbi ye-eutectoid (0.77% yekhabhoni) izoba nesakhiwo se-pearlite kuzo zonke izinhlamvu ezingenasimende emingceleni.Amanani ahlobene wezakhi atholakala kusetshenziswa umthetho we-lever.Okulandelayo uhlu lwezinhlobo zokwelapha ukushisa okungenzeka.
Insimbi ye-alloy iyinsimbi exubene nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto ngamanani aphelele phakathi kuka-1.0% no-50% ngesisindo ukuze kuthuthukiswe izakhiwo zayo zomshini.Izinsimbi ze-alloy zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili: izinsimbi eziphansi ze-alloy nezinsimbi eziphezulu ze-alloy.Umehluko phakathi kwalokhu okubili uyaphikiswa.USmith noHashemi bachaza umehluko ku-4.0%, kuyilapho u-Degarmo, et al., ewuchaza ku-8.0%.Ngokuvamile, inkulumo ethi "insimbi ye-alloy" ibhekisela kuma-low-alloy steels.
Ukukhuluma ngokuqinile, zonke izinsimbi ziyi-alloy, kodwa akuzona zonke izinsimbi ezibizwa ngokuthi "izinsimbi ze-alloy".Izinsimbi ezilula kakhulu ziyi-iron (Fe) ehlanganiswe nekhabhoni (C) (cishe 0.1% kuya ku-1%, kuye ngohlobo).Kodwa-ke, igama elithi "insimbi ye-alloy" yigama elijwayelekile elibhekisela ezinsimbi nezinye izakhi ze-alloying ezingezwe ngamabomu ngaphezu kwekhabhoni.Ama-alloyants avamile ahlanganisa i-manganese (evame kakhulu), i-nickel, i-chromium, i-molybdenum, i-vanadium, i-silicon, ne-boron.Ama-alloyanti angajwayelekile kakhulu ahlanganisa i-aluminium, i-cobalt, ithusi, i-cerium, i-niobium, i-titanium, i-tungsten, i-tin, i-zinc, i-lead, ne-zirconium.
Okulandelayo uhla lwezakhiwo ezithuthukisiwe ku-alloy steels (uma kuqhathaniswa nezinsimbi ze-carbon): amandla, ukuqina, ukuqina, ukumelana nokuguga, ukumelana nokugqwala, ukuqina, nobulukhuni bokushisa.Ukuze kuzuzwe ezinye zalezi zakhiwo ezithuthukisiwe insimbi ingadinga ukwelashwa ngokushisa.
Okunye kwalokhu kuthola ukusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezingavamile nezidinga kakhulu, njengakuma-turbine blades ezinjini zejethi, nasezintweni eziphendula amandla enuzi.Ngenxa yezakhiwo ze-ferromagnetic zensimbi, amanye ama-alloys ensimbi athola izinhlelo zokusebenza ezibalulekile lapho izimpendulo zawo kumagnetism zibaluleke kakhulu, kufaka phakathi amamotho kagesi kanye nama-transformer.
I-Spheroidizing
I-Spheroidite yakha lapho i-carbon steel ishiselwa cishe ku-700 °C amahora angaphezu kwama-30.I-Spheroidite ingakheka emazingeni okushisa aphansi kodwa isikhathi esidingekayo sikhuphuka kakhulu, njengoba lokhu kuyinqubo elawulwa ngokusakazwa.Umphumela uba isakhiwo sezinduku noma izinhlayiya zikasimende ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo esiyinhloko (i-ferrite noma i-pearlite, kuye ngokuthi ukuluphi uhlangothi lwe-eutectoid).Inhloso ukuthambisa izinsimbi zekhabhoni eziphakeme futhi kuvumele ukwakheka okwengeziwe.Lolu uhlobo lwensimbi oluthambile futhi olunamapayipi amaningi.
Ukwelashwa okuphelele
Insimbi yekhabhoni ishiselwa cishe ifinyelele ku-40 °C ngaphezu kwe-Ac3 noma i-Acm ihora elingu-1;lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi yonke i-ferrite ishintsha ibe i-austenite (nakuba i-cementite ingase isekhona uma okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni kukhulu kune-eutectoid).Insimbi kufanele ipholiswe kancane kancane, endaweni engu-20 °C (36 °F) ngehora.Imvamisa kuba nje isithando somlilo esipholile, lapho isithando somlilo sicishwa khona insimbi isangaphakathi.Lokhu kubangela isakhiwo se-pearlitic esimahhadla, okusho ukuthi "amabhande" e-pearlite aminyene.Insimbi ene-annealed ngokugcwele ithambile futhi i-ductile, ayinakho ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi, okuvamise ukudingekile ukuze kwakhiwe ngendlela eyongayo.Insimbi ene-spheroidized kuphela ethambile futhi ene-ductile.
Inqubo annealing
Inqubo esetshenziselwa ukukhulula ingcindezi ku-carbon steel esebenza ngokubandayo engaphansi kuka-0.3% C. Insimbi ivamise ukushisisa ibe ngu-550–650 °C ihora elingu-1, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi izinga lokushisa lifike ku-700 °C.Isithombe esingakwesokudla[ukucaciswa kuyadingeka] sibonisa indawo lapho ukukhishwa kwenqubo kwenzeka khona.
I-Isothermal annealing
Kuyinqubo lapho insimbi ye-hypoeutectoid ishiselwa ngaphezu kwezinga lokushisa elibucayi eliphezulu.Lokhu kushisa kugcinwa isikhashana bese kuncishiswa kube ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa elibucayi eliphansi futhi liyagcinwa futhi.Bese ipholiswa ezingeni lokushisa elilingana negumbi.Le ndlela iqeda noma yikuphi ukukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa.
Ukujwayela
Insimbi yekhabhoni ishiselwa cishe ifike ku-55 °C ngaphezu kwe-Ac3 noma i-Acm ihora elingu-1;lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi insimbi ishintsha ngokuphelele ku-austenite.Insimbi ibe isipholiswa ngomoya, okuyizinga lokupholisa elicishe libe ngu-38 °C (100 °F) ngomzuzu.Lokhu kubangela ukwakheka okuhle kwe-pearlitic, kanye nesakhiwo esifana kakhulu.Insimbi evamile inamandla amakhulu kunensimbi efakwe emanzini;inamandla nokuqina okuphakeme ngokuqhathaniswa.
Ukucisha
Insimbi yekhabhoni okungenani engu-0.4 wt% C iyashisisa ukuze izinga lokushisa libe ngokwejwayelekile bese ipholiswa ngokushesha (icinywe) emanzini, emanzini, emanzini, noma emafutheni kuya ezingeni lokushisa elibucayi.Izinga lokushisa elibalulekile lincike kokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni, kodwa njengomthetho ojwayelekile liphansi njengoba okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni kukhuphuka.Lokhu kubangela ukwakheka kwe-martensitic;uhlobo lwensimbi olunokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni egcwele kakhulu kusakhiwo sekristalu esigxilile somzimba (BCC), esibizwa kahle ngokuthi i-body-centered tetragonal (BCT), enokucindezeleka okukhulu kwangaphakathi.Ngakho insimbi ecishiwe iqinile ngokwedlulele kodwa iyaphuka, imvamisa iba brittle kakhulu ngokwezinjongo ezingokoqobo.Lezi zingcindezi zangaphakathi zingabangela imifantu yengcindezi ebusweni.Insimbi ecishiwe icishe iqine ngokuphindwe kathathu (okune ngekhabhoni eningi) kunensimbi evamile.
Ukudayisa (Martempering)
I-Martempering empeleni akuyona inqubo yokuthambisa, yingakho igama elithi marquenching.Kuwuhlobo lokwelashwa kokushisa kwe-isothermal olusetshenziswa ngemva kokucinywa kokuqala, ngokuvamile endaweni yokugeza kasawoti encibilikisiwe, ezingeni lokushisa elingaphezu nje "kwezinga lokushisa lokuqala le-martensite".Kuleli zinga lokushisa, izingcindezi eziyinsalela ngaphakathi kokubalulekile ziyadamba futhi enye i-bainite ingase yakheke kusukela ku-austenite egciniwe engazange ibe naso isikhathi sokuguqukela kunoma yini enye.Embonini, lena inqubo esetshenziselwa ukulawula ukudumba nobulukhuni bento.Ngokumaketha okude, i-ductility iyanda ngokulahlekelwa okuncane kwamandla;insimbi ibanjwe kulesi sixazululo kuze kube yilapho izinga lokushisa langaphakathi nangaphandle lengxenye lilingana.Bese insimbi ipholiswa ngesivinini esimaphakathi ukuze kugcinwe izinga lokushisa lincane.Le nqubo ayigcini nje ukunciphisa ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi nokuqhekeka kokucindezeleka, kodwa futhi yandisa ukumelana nomthelela.
Ukuthukuthela
Lokhu kuyindlela evamile yokwelapha ukushisa okuhlangatshezwana nayo, ngoba izakhiwo zokugcina zinganqunywa ngokunembile izinga lokushisa kanye nesikhathi sokushisa.Ukushisa kuhilela ukushisisa kabusha insimbi ecishiwe ezingeni lokushisa elingaphansi kwezinga lokushisa le-eutectoid bese liyapholisa.Izinga lokushisa eliphakanyisiwe livumela amanani amancane kakhulu we-spheroidite ukuthi akhe, okubuyisela i-ductility, kodwa kunciphisa ubulukhuni.Amazinga okushisa angempela nezikhathi zikhethwa ngokucophelela ngokwakhiwa ngakunye.
I-austempering
Inqubo ye-austempering iyafana ne-martempering, ngaphandle kokuthi ukucisha kuphazamisekile futhi insimbi ibanjelwa kubhavu kasawoti oncibilikisiwe emazingeni okushisa aphakathi kuka-205 °C no-540 °C, bese ipholiswa ngesilinganiso esimaphakathi.Insimbi ewumphumela, ebizwa ngokuthi i-bainite, ikhiqiza i-acicular microstructure kunsimbi enamandla amakhulu (kodwa angaphansi kwe-martensite), i-ductility enkulu, ukumelana nomthelela ophezulu, kanye nokuhlanekezela okuncane kunensimbi ye-martensite.Ububi be-austempering ingasetshenziswa kuphela ezinsimbi ezimbalwa, futhi idinga ukugeza okukhethekile okusawoti.
I-Carbon steel cnc
isihlahla esiphendukayo somgodi
I-Carbon steel cnc
machining black anodizing
Bush izingxenye nge
ukwelashwa blackening
I-Carbon steel turning
izingxenye ezinebha ye-hexgon
Insimbi ye-carbon
Izingxenye zegiya ze-DIN
Insimbi ye-carbon
ukwakha izingxenye zemishini
I-Carbon steel cnc
izingxenye eziphendukayo nge-phosphating
Bush izingxenye nge
ukwelashwa blackening
